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Polish Dependency Relation Types

Contents

Polish Dependency Relation Types

Complements

comp

verb complement realised as a prepositional or an adverbial phrase, or a clause
or dependent of prepositions, numerals, some nouns, or some adverbials
e.g. "Czekam na Antka.": Czekam →_comp na →_comp Antka

comp_ag

agentive complement in passive
realised as przez-PP
e.g. "Zamek jest nawiedzany przez duchy.": nawiedzany →_{comp_ag} przez →_comp duchy

comp_fin

clausal complement
realised as a finite clause (declarative, interrogative, or exclamatory) with an internal subject
governed by a subordinating conjunction or the sentence predicate
e.g. "Zaśpiewał, ponieważ go poproszono.": Zaśpiewał →_adjunct ponieważ →_{comp_fin} poproszono

comp_inf

infinitival complement
realised as a non-finite clause,
governed by a subordinating conjunction, a verb, an adjective or a noun
e.g. "Chciał wygrać.": Chciał →_{comp_inf} wygrać

obj

direct object
governed by a verb,
realised as a noun phrase or a clause
it is always expressed by the subject in passive constructions.
e.g. "Powiedział, że wyjeżdża.": Powiedział →_obj że →_{comp_fin} wyjeżdża

obj_th

thematically restricted object
governed by a verb
fulfilled by a noun phrase
it cannot be promoted to the subject during passivisation or change its status to the object.

e.g. "Pies merda ogonem." with merda →_{obj_th} ogonem

pd

predicative complement
realised by any element in the predicative position in a sentence
governed by copula or copula-like verbs
e.g. "Bycie nauczycielem nie jest proste.": jest →_subj bycie →_pd nauczycielem; jest →_pd proste

root

sentence predicate (or a main element of a non-sentential clause)
dependent of ROOT
e.g. "Jan fałszuje.": ROOT →_root fałszuje

subj

subcategorised by the sentence predicate
realised as a noun phrase, a clause, an adjective phrase, a numeral phrase or a pro-drop pronoun (pro is not encoded in a dependency structure)
e.g. "Kot śpi.": śpi →_subj kot

Syntactically motivated dependents

abbrev_punct

abbreviation marker, i.e. a full stop
depends on the preceding abbreviation
e.g. "30 tys.": tys →_{abbrev_punct} .

adjunct

a dependent modifying a noun or a numeral
realised as an adjective, a noun, a prepositional phrase, a relative clause, etc.
e.g. "Kupiła czerwoną sukienkę.": sukienkę →_adjunct czerwoną

adjunct_compar

comparative
e.g. "Uczeń mądrzejszy od nauczyciela": mądrzejszy →_{adjunct_compar} od →_comp nauczyciela
e.g. "Wyciągnęli się, jak struny": Wyciągnęli →_{adjunct_compar} jak →_comp struny
e.g. "Mówi się coś innego niż chciało się powiedzieć": innego →_{adjunct_compar} niż →_{comp_fin} chciało

===adjunct_poss===

possessives
realised as a noun phrase, a pronoun
depends on a noun
e.g. "zdaniem wielu specjalistów": zdaniem →_{adjunct_poss} wielu →_comp specjalistów
e.g. "postulaty protestujących": postulaty →_{adjunct_poss} protestujących

adjunct_qt

quotation adjunct
e.g. "Nie cierpię kelnerów, którzy pytają: 'Jaki befsztyk? Krwisty?': pytają →_{adjunct_qt} befsztyk →_adjunct Jaki; befsztyk →_adjunct krwisty

adjunct_rc

relative clause
e.g. "z wyjątkiem momentu, kiedy zostali zjedzeni przez ogry": momentu →_{adjunct_rc} zjedzeni →_{adjunct_temp} kiedy

app

apposition
realised as a noun phrase depending on an immediately preceding and morphologically agreeing noun with the same meaning
e.g. "Proszę o zabranie głosu posła Nowaka.": proszę →_obj posła →_app Nowaka

===dep===

item

number of an item on a list
e.g. "- styczeń": styczeń →_item -

===orphan=== ===poss===

punct

punctuation marker, e.g. .,:;?!()”-,
depends on the element which it delimits
e.g. "Czytając książkę, płakał.": płakał →_{adjunct_cause} Czytając →_punct ,

refl

reflexive marker, i.e. particles 'się', 'siebie'
depends on a verb with reflexive meaning or another verb
e.g. "Ania i Tomek całują się.": całują →_refl się
e.g. "Nie radził sobie w życiu.": radził →_refl sobie

===vocative===

Morphologically motivated dependents

aux

auxiliary verb, i.e. 'być' or 'zostać'
depends on the main verb (participle, infinitive) in analytical future tense constructions, analytical past conditional constructions or passive constructions
e.g. "Będzie trzeba wzmocnić pozycję ekonomiczną.": trzeba →_aux będzie

aglt

mobile inflection, i.e. "mobile" affix (verbal enclitic) marked for number, person and gender
depends on a verb or a conditional clitic by appended to a verb
e.g. "Wygraliśmy!": Wygrali →_aglt śmy

cond

conditional clitic, i.e. the clitic particle 'by', which is appended to the verb or appears anywhere in a sentence,
depends on the verbal head regardless of its location
e.g. "Można by śpiewać.": Można →_cond by

imp

imperative marker, i.e. the particle 'niech'
depends on the main verb in analytical imperative constructions.
e.g. "Niech moc będzie z Tobą!": będzie →_imp Niech

neg

negation marker, i.e. the negation particle 'nie'
depends mostly on a verbal head immediately following it
e.g. "Nie wiem, ale to nie Ola wygrała.": wiem →_neg Nie, Ola →_neg nie

Lexically motivated dependents

mwe

multiword expression
Successive tokens of a multiword expression are annotated according to their linear order.
Polish multiword expressions:
- preposition-adjectival phrases, e.g. po prostu_ADJ (Eng. ‘simply’), co gorsza_ADJ (Eng. ‘what is worse’),
- preposition-adverbial phrases, e.g. na pewno_ADV (Eng. ‘for sure’), na zewnątrz_ADV (Eng. ‘outside’),
- adverb-prepositional phrases, e.g. wraz z (Eng. ‘along with’), zgodnie z (Eng. ‘in accordance with’),
- complex conjunctions, e.g. nie tylko (Eng. ‘not only’), ale także (Eng. ‘but also’), mimo że (Eng. ‘although’),
- adjective compounds, e.g. biało-czerwona (Eng. ‘white-red’).

ne

named entity
e.g. "Chińska Republika Ludowa": Republika →_ne Chińska, Republika →_ne Ludowa

===ne_foreign===

Coordination

conjunct

coordinated conjunct
depends on a coordinating conjunction

pre_coord

pre-conjunction
the first part of a two-part correlative conjunction, e.g. albo...albo... (Eng. ‘either... or...’),
depends on the second part of the conjunction.
e.g. "Koncerny liczą nie tyle na zysk, ile na prestiż.": liczą →_comp ile →_conjunct na →_comp zysk, ile →_conjunct na →_comp prestiż; ile →_{pre_coord} nie →_mwe tyle

Any questions, comments? Please send them to <alina AT SPAMFREE ipipan DOT waw DOT pl>.

-  ⇤ ← Revision 1 as of 2017-05-25 14:15:21 → 
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  Editor: AlinaWroblewska
  Comment:
+   ← Revision 18 as of 2020-07-02 16:04:18 → ⇥
  Size: 8644
  Editor: AlinaWroblewska
  Comment:
-Deletions are marked like this.
+Additions are marked like this.
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+#format wiki
#language en
#acl AlinaWroblewska:read,write,revert All:read
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+Line 8:
- * root, e.g. “Jan fałszuje.” z relacją ROOT →root fałszuje)
 * adjectival complements – governed by a verb form, e.g. uczynić kogoś silnym,,ADJ,, (Eng. ‘to make so. strong’),
 * adverbial complements – governed by a verb form, e.g. zeskoczyć skądś,,ADV,, (Eng. ‘to jump from somewhere’),
 * nominal complements – governed by:
  * an adjective, e.g. pełny mleka,,GEN,, (Eng. ‘full of milk’),
  * a preposition, e.g. w domu,,LOC,, (Eng. ‘at home’),
  * a verb form, e.g. zakończyć się sukcesem,,INSTR,, (Eng. ‘to be successful’).
  * a numeral, e.g. kilka,,NOM,, tygodni,,GEN,, (Eng. ‘a few weeks’).
 {{attachment:ex16.png}}
 * prepositional complements – governed by:
  * a verb form, e.g. czekać na (Eng. ‘to wait for’),
  * an adjective, e.g. zdolny do (Eng. ‘able to, capable of’),
  * an adverb, e.g. właśnie przez (Eng. ‘just by’).
 {{attachment:ex21.png}}
=== comp_fin (clausal complement) ===
 * fulfilled by a finite clause (declarative, interrogative, or exclamatory) with an internal subject,
 * governed by a verb form, a subordinating conjunction or a noun.
 {{attachment:ex1_v3.png}}
=== comp_inf (infinitival complement) ===
 * realized as a non-finite clause,
 * governed by:
  * a noun phrase, e.g. (mieć) prawo coś zrobić (Eng. ‘(to have) the right to do sth’),
  * a verb form, e.g. chcieć coś zrobić (Eng. ‘to want to do sth’), trzeba coś zrobić (Eng. ‘it’s necessary to do sth’),
  * an adjective phrase.
 {{attachment:ex2_v2.png}}
=== obj (object) ===
 * realized as a noun phrase marked for the accusative, genitive, instrumental or even dative case,
 * governed by a verb form,
 * transformed into the subject in passive constructions.
 {{attachment:ex4.png}}
=== obj_th (dative object) ===
 * fulfilled by a dative noun phrase, 
 * governed by a verb form,
 * must fulfil the semantic role of Recipient, Experiencer, Beneficiary, etc.,
 * cannot be promoted to the subject during passivisation or change its status to the object.
 {{attachment:ex5.png}}
=== pd (predicative complement) ===
 * fulfilled by any element in the predicative position in a sentence,
 * governed by copula or copula-like verb forms, e.g. być (Eng. ‘to be’), stać się (Eng. ‘to become’).
 {{attachment:ex6.png}}
=== subj (subject) ===
 * subcategorised by the sentence predicate,
 * fulfilled by a noun phrase, a clause, an adjective phrase, a numeral phrase or a pro-drop pronoun,
 * ''pro'' is not encoded in a dependency structure.
+=== comp ===
 * verb complement realised as a prepositional or an adverbial phrase, or a clause
 * or dependent of prepositions, numerals, some nouns, or some adverbials
 * e.g. "Czekam na Antka.": Czekam →,,comp,, na →,,comp,, Antka
=== comp_ag ===
 * agentive complement in passive
 * realised as przez-PP
 * e.g. "Zamek jest nawiedzany przez duchy.": nawiedzany →,,comp_ag,, przez →,,comp,, duchy
=== comp_fin ===
 * clausal complement
 * realised as a finite clause (declarative, interrogative, or exclamatory) with an internal subject
 * governed by  a subordinating conjunction or the sentence predicate
 * e.g. "Zaśpiewał, ponieważ go poproszono.": Zaśpiewał →,,adjunct,, ponieważ →,,comp_fin,, poproszono
=== comp_inf ===
 * infinitival complement
 * realised as a non-finite clause,
 * governed by a subordinating conjunction, a verb, an adjective or a noun
 * e.g. "Chciał wygrać.": Chciał →,,comp_inf,, wygrać
=== obj ===
 * direct object
 * governed by a verb,
 * realised as a noun phrase or a clause
 * it is always expressed by the subject in passive constructions.
 * e.g. "Powiedział, że wyjeżdża.": Powiedział →,,obj,, że →,,comp_fin,, wyjeżdża
=== obj_th ===
 * thematically restricted object
 * governed by a verb
 * fulfilled by a noun phrase
 * it cannot be promoted to the subject during passivisation or change its status to the object.
{{{#!wiki comment/dotted
 * fulfils the semantic role of:
  * Attribute (obj_attrib)
  * Experiencer (obj_exper)
  * Factor (obj_factor)
  * Instrument (obj_instr)
  * Manner (obj_manner)
  * Measure (obj_measure)
  * Recipient (obj_recip)
  * Result (obj_result)
  * Stumulus (obj_stimul)
  * Theme (obj_theme)}}}
 * e.g. "Pies merda ogonem." with merda →,,obj_th,, ogonem
=== pd ===
 * predicative complement
 * realised by any element in the predicative position in a sentence
 * governed by copula or copula-like verbs
 * e.g. "Bycie nauczycielem nie jest proste.": jest →,,subj,, bycie →,,pd,, nauczycielem; jest →,,pd,, proste
=== root ===
 * sentence predicate (or a main element of a non-sentential clause)
 * dependent of ROOT
 * e.g. "Jan fałszuje.": ROOT →,,root,, fałszuje
=== subj ===
 * subcategorised by the sentence predicate
 * realised as a noun phrase, a clause, an adjective phrase, a numeral phrase or a pro-drop pronoun (''pro'' is not encoded in a dependency structure)
 * e.g. "Kot śpi.": śpi →,,subj,, kot
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+Line 64:
- {{attachment:ex7.png}}

 {{attachment:ex22.png}}
== Non-arguments ==
+== Syntactically motivated dependents ==
=== abbrev_punct ===
 * abbreviation marker, i.e. a full stop
 * depends on the preceding abbreviation
 * e.g. "30 tys.": tys →,,abbrev_punct,, .
-Line 54:
+Line 70:
- * a non-subcategorised dependent with the modifying function,
 * realized as:
  * an adjective depending on a noun or a numeral,
  * an adverb depending on a verb form, an another adverb,
  * an adjective or a prepositional phrase,
  * an attributive noun marked for genitive with a nominal or numeral head,
  * a noun phrase with the temporal, locative, etc. meaning and a verbal head,
  * a prepositional phrase depending on a noun, a verb, an adverb or a participle,
  * a subordinate clause with a head realized as a noun, a numeral or a verb form,
  * ...
=== app (apposition) ===
 * realized as a noun phrase depending on an immediately preceding noun with the same meaning.
 {{attachment:ex8.png}}
=== complm (complementizer) ===
 * fulfilled by a complementizer, e.g. że, iż (Eng. ‘that’), żeby, aby, by (Eng. ‘so as to’),
 * introduces a complement clause, the predicate of which is its governor,
 * may be realized optionally.
 {{attachment:ex3.png}}
=== mwe (multiword expression) ===
+ * a dependent modifying a noun or a numeral
 * realised as an adjective, a noun, a prepositional phrase, a relative clause, etc.
 * e.g. "Kupiła czerwoną sukienkę.": sukienkę →,,adjunct,, czerwoną
{{{#!wiki comment/dotted
=== adjunct_sem ===
 * an adverbial modifying a verb
 * realised as an adverb, a noun, a prepositional phrase, a clause, etc.
 * adverbial types:
  * position, direction, route: adjunct_abl (ablative), adjunct_adl (allative), adjunct_locat (locative), adjunct_perl (perlative)
  * time, period of time: adjunct_temp (temporal), adjunct_dur (duration), adjunct_init (initiate), adjunct_finit (finish)
  * manner, instrument, attitude: adjunct_mod (mode), adjunct_instr (instrument), adjunct_attit (attitude)
  * cause, goal, condition: adjunct_caus (cause), adjunct_cond (conditional), adjunct_purp (purpose), adjunct_concess (concession), adjunct_substit (substitution), adjunct_measure
  * structural and other: adjunct_elect (elective), adjunct_title, adjunct_other
 * e.g. "Szkoli psa na potencjalnego zabójcę.": szkoli →,,adjunct_concess,, na →,,comp,, zabójcę}}}
=== adjunct_compar ===
 * comparative
 * e.g. "Uczeń mądrzejszy od nauczyciela": mądrzejszy →,,adjunct_compar,, od →,,comp,, nauczyciela
 * e.g. "Wyciągnęli się, jak struny": Wyciągnęli →,,adjunct_compar,, jak →,,comp,, struny
 * e.g. "Mówi się coś innego niż chciało się powiedzieć": innego →,,adjunct_compar,, niż  →,,comp_fin,, chciało
===adjunct_poss===
 * possessives
 * realised as a noun phrase, a pronoun
 * depends on a noun
 * e.g. "zdaniem wielu specjalistów": zdaniem →,,adjunct_poss,, wielu →,,comp,, specjalistów
 * e.g. "postulaty protestujących": postulaty →,,adjunct_poss,, protestujących
=== adjunct_qt ===
 * quotation adjunct
 * e.g. "Nie cierpię kelnerów, którzy pytają: 'Jaki befsztyk? Krwisty?': pytają →,,adjunct_qt,, befsztyk →,,adjunct,, Jaki; befsztyk →,,adjunct,, krwisty
=== adjunct_rc ===
 * relative clause
 * e.g. "z wyjątkiem momentu, kiedy zostali zjedzeni przez ogry": momentu →,,adjunct_rc,, zjedzeni →,,adjunct_temp,, kiedy
=== app ===
 * apposition
 * realised as a noun phrase depending on an immediately preceding and morphologically agreeing noun with the same meaning
 * e.g. "Proszę o zabranie głosu posła Nowaka.": proszę →,,obj,, posła →,,app,, Nowaka
===dep===
=== item ===
 * number of an item on a list
 * e.g. "- styczeń": styczeń →,,item,, -
===orphan===
===poss===
=== punct ===
 * punctuation marker, e.g. .,:;?!()”-,
 * depends on the element which it delimits
 * e.g. "Czytając książkę, płakał.": płakał →,,adjunct_cause,, Czytając →,,punct,, ,
=== refl ===
 * reflexive marker, i.e. particles 'się', 'siebie'
 * depends on a verb with reflexive meaning or another verb
 * e.g. "Ania i Tomek całują się.": całują →,,refl,, się
 * e.g. "Nie radził sobie w życiu.": radził →,,refl,, sobie
===vocative===
== Morphologically motivated dependents ==
=== aux ===
 * auxiliary verb, i.e. 'być' or 'zostać'
 * depends on the main verb (participle, infinitive) in analytical future tense constructions, analytical past conditional constructions or passive constructions
 * e.g. "Będzie trzeba wzmocnić pozycję ekonomiczną.": trzeba →,,aux,, będzie
=== aglt ===
 * mobile inflection, i.e. "mobile" affix (verbal enclitic) marked for number, person and gender
 * depends on a verb or a conditional clitic by appended to a verb
 * e.g. "Wygraliśmy!": Wygrali →,,aglt,, śmy
=== cond ===
 * conditional clitic, i.e. the clitic particle 'by', which is appended to the verb or appears anywhere in a sentence,
 * depends on the verbal head regardless of its location
 * e.g. "Można by śpiewać.": Można →,,cond,, by
=== imp ===
 * imperative marker, i.e. the particle 'niech'
 * depends on the main verb in analytical imperative constructions.
 * e.g. "Niech moc będzie z Tobą!": będzie →,,imp,, Niech
=== neg ===
 * negation marker, i.e. the negation particle 'nie'
 * depends mostly on a verbal head immediately following it
 * e.g. "Nie wiem, ale to nie Ola wygrała.": wiem →,,neg,, Nie, Ola →,,neg,, nie
== Lexically motivated dependents ==
=== mwe ===
 * multiword expression
-Line 80:
+Line 152:
-=== pred (predicate) ===
 * fulfilled by a verb form (finite verb, -no/-to-impersonal, infinitive) or a ‘main’ noun in independently annotated noun phrases,  
 * depends on the root node.
=== punct (punctuation marker) ===
 * fulfilled by a punctuation mark, e.g. .,:;?!()”-,
 * depends on the element which it delimits
=== abbrev_punct (abbreviation marker) ===
 * fulfilled by a full stop,
 * depends on the preceding abbreviation.
== Non-arguments (morphologicaly motivated) ==
=== aglt (mobile inflection) ===
 * fulfilled by a `mobile’ affix (verbal enclitic) marked for number, person and gender,
 * depends on a verb form or a conditional clitic by appended to a verb form.
 {{attachment:ex9.png}}
=== aux (auxiliary) ===
 * fulfilled by auxiliary verbs być or zostać (Eng. ‘to be’), 
 * depends on the main verb form (participle, infinitive) in analytical future tense constructions, analytical past conditional constructions or passive constructions.
 {{attachment:ex10.png}}
=== cond (conditional clitic) ===
 * fulfilled by the clitic particle ''by'', which is appended to the verb form or appears anywhere in a sentence,
 * depends on the verbal head regardless of its location.
 {{attachment:ex11.png}}
=== imp (imperative marker) ===
 * fulfilled by the particle niech (Eng. ‘may’),
 * depends on the main verb form in analytical imperative constructions.
 {{attachment:ex12.png}}
=== neg (negation marker) ===
 * fulfilled by the negation particle nie (Eng. `not’),
 * depends on a verbal head immediately following it.
=== refl (reflexive marker) ===
 * realized as the particle się in Polish,
 * depends on a verb with reflexive meaning or another verb.
+=== ne ===
 * named entity
 * e.g. "Chińska Republika Ludowa": Republika →,,ne,, Chińska, Republika →,,ne,, Ludowa
===ne_foreign===
-Line 113:
+Line 157:
-=== conjunct (coordinated conjunct) ===
 * depends on a coordinating conjunction.
=== coord (coordinating conjunction) ===
 * coordinates two sentences.
=== coord_punct (punctuation conjunction) ===
 * coordinating element realized as a punctuation mark, e.g. comma, colon.
=== pre_coord (pre-conjunction) ===
+=== conjunct ===
 * coordinated conjunct
 * depends on a coordinating conjunction
=== pre_coord ===
 * pre-conjunction
-Line 122:
+Line 164:
- {{attachment:ex13.png}}

 {{attachment:ex20.png}} 
= Classification of Polish Dependency Types =
= Standard vs. Language-specific Polish Dependency Types =
+ * e.g. "Koncerny liczą nie tyle na zysk, ile na prestiż.": liczą →,,comp,, ile →,,conjunct,, na →,,comp,, zysk, ile →,,conjunct,, na →,,comp,, prestiż; ile →,,pre_coord,, nie →,,mwe,, tyle

Diff for "PDB/DepRelTypes"

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