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 * direct objects are always expressed by the subject in passive constructions.  * it is always expressed by the subject in passive constructions.
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 * governed by a verb
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 * governed by a verb
 *
cannot be promoted to the subject during passivisation or change its status to the object.
 * it cannot be promoted to the subject during passivisation or change its status to the object.
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  * Theme (obj_theme)
 * e.g. "Pies merda ogonem." with merda →,,obj_instr,, ogonem
  * Theme (obj_theme)}}}
 * e.g. "Pies merda ogonem." with merda →,,obj_th,, ogonem
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 * e.g. "Jan fałszuje." with a dependency relation ROOT →,,root,, fałszuje  * e.g. "Jan fałszuje.": ROOT →,,root,, fałszuje
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 * subject
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 * e.g. "Kot śpi." with śpi →,,subj,, kot  * e.g. "Kot śpi.": śpi →,,subj,, kot
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 * e.g. "Wyciągnęli się, jak struny": Wyciągnęli →,,adjunct_compar,, jak →,,comp,, struny

Polish Dependency Relation Types

Complements

comp

  • verb complement realised as a prepositional or an adverbial phrase, or a clause
  • or dependent of prepositions, numerals, some nouns, or some adverbials
  • e.g. "Czekam na Antka.": Czekam →comp na →comp Antka

comp_ag

  • agentive complement in passive
  • realised as przez-PP
  • e.g. "Zamek jest nawiedzany przez duchy.": nawiedzany →comp_ag przez →comp duchy

comp_fin

  • clausal complement
  • realised as a finite clause (declarative, interrogative, or exclamatory) with an internal subject
  • governed by a subordinating conjunction or the sentence predicate
  • e.g. "Zaśpiewał, ponieważ go poproszono.": Zaśpiewał →adjunct ponieważ →comp_fin poproszono

comp_inf

  • infinitival complement
  • realised as a non-finite clause,
  • governed by a subordinating conjunction, a verb, an adjective or a noun
  • e.g. "Chciał wygrać.": Chciał →comp_inf wygrać

obj

  • direct object
  • governed by a verb,
  • realised as a noun phrase or a clause
  • it is always expressed by the subject in passive constructions.
  • e.g. "Powiedział, że wyjeżdża.": Powiedział →obj że →comp_fin wyjeżdża

obj_th

  • thematically restricted object
  • governed by a verb
  • fulfilled by a noun phrase
  • it cannot be promoted to the subject during passivisation or change its status to the object.

  • e.g. "Pies merda ogonem." with merda →obj_th ogonem

pd

  • predicative complement
  • realised by any element in the predicative position in a sentence
  • governed by copula or copula-like verbs
  • e.g. "Bycie nauczycielem nie jest proste.": jest →subj bycie →pd nauczycielem; jest →pd proste

root

  • sentence predicate (or a main element of a non-sentential clause)
  • dependent of ROOT
  • e.g. "Jan fałszuje.": ROOT →root fałszuje

subj

  • subcategorised by the sentence predicate
  • realised as a noun phrase, a clause, an adjective phrase, a numeral phrase or a pro-drop pronoun (pro is not encoded in a dependency structure)

  • e.g. "Kot śpi.": śpi →subj kot

Syntactically motivated dependents

abbrev_punct

  • abbreviation marker, i.e. a full stop
  • depends on the preceding abbreviation
  • e.g. "30 tys.": tys →abbrev_punct .

adjunct

  • a dependent modifying a noun or a numeral
  • realised as an adjective, a noun, a prepositional phrase, a relative clause, etc.
  • e.g. "Kupiła czerwoną sukienkę.": sukienkę →adjunct czerwoną

adjunct_compar

  • comparative
  • e.g. "Uczeń mądrzejszy od nauczyciela": mądrzejszy →adjunct_compar od →comp nauczyciela

===adjunct_poss==

adjunct_qt

  • quotation adjunct
  • e.g. "Nie cierpię kelnerów, którzy pytają: 'Jaki befsztyk? Krwisty?': pytają →adjunct_qt befsztyk →adjunct Jaki; befsztyk →adjunct krwisty

adjunct_rc

  • relative clause
  • e.g. "z wyjątkiem momentu, kiedy zostali zjedzeni przez ogry": momentu →adjunct_rc zjedzeni →adjunct_temp kiedy

app

  • apposition
  • realised as a noun phrase depending on an immediately preceding and morphologically agreeing noun with the same meaning
  • e.g. "Proszę o zabranie głosu posła Nowaka.": proszę →obj posła →app Nowaka

===dep===

item

  • number of an item on a list
  • e.g. "- styczeń": styczeń →item -

===orphan=== ===poss===

punct

  • punctuation marker, e.g. .,:;?!()”-,
  • depends on the element which it delimits
  • e.g. "Czytając książkę, płakał.": płakał →adjunct_cause Czytając →punct ,

refl

  • reflexive marker, i.e. particles 'się', 'siebie'
  • depends on a verb with reflexive meaning or another verb
  • e.g. "Ania i Tomek całują się.": całują →refl się

  • e.g. "Nie radził sobie w życiu.": radził →refl sobie

===vocative===

Morphologically motivated dependents

aux

  • auxiliary verb, i.e. 'być' or 'zostać'
  • depends on the main verb (participle, infinitive) in analytical future tense constructions, analytical past conditional constructions or passive constructions
  • e.g. "Będzie trzeba wzmocnić pozycję ekonomiczną.": trzeba →aux będzie

aglt

  • mobile inflection, i.e. "mobile" affix (verbal enclitic) marked for number, person and gender
  • depends on a verb or a conditional clitic by appended to a verb
  • e.g. "Wygraliśmy!": Wygrali →aglt śmy

cond

  • conditional clitic, i.e. the clitic particle 'by', which is appended to the verb or appears anywhere in a sentence,
  • depends on the verbal head regardless of its location
  • e.g. "Można by śpiewać.": Można →cond by

imp

  • imperative marker, i.e. the particle 'niech'
  • depends on the main verb in analytical imperative constructions.
  • e.g. "Niech moc będzie z Tobą!": będzie →imp Niech

neg

  • negation marker, i.e. the negation particle 'nie'
  • depends mostly on a verbal head immediately following it
  • e.g. "Nie wiem, ale to nie Ola wygrała.": wiem →neg Nie, Ola →neg nie

Lexically motivated dependents

mwe

  • multiword expression
  • Successive tokens of a multiword expression are annotated according to their linear order.
  • Polish multiword expressions:
    • preposition-adjectival phrases, e.g. po prostuADJ (Eng. ‘simply’), co gorszaADJ (Eng. ‘what is worse’),

    • preposition-adverbial phrases, e.g. na pewnoADV (Eng. ‘for sure’), na zewnątrzADV (Eng. ‘outside’),

    • adverb-prepositional phrases, e.g. wraz z (Eng. ‘along with’), zgodnie z (Eng. ‘in accordance with’),
    • complex conjunctions, e.g. nie tylko (Eng. ‘not only’), ale także (Eng. ‘but also’), mimo że (Eng. ‘although’),
    • adjective compounds, e.g. biało-czerwona (Eng. ‘white-red’).

ne

  • named entity
  • e.g. "Chińska Republika Ludowa": Republika →ne Chińska, Republika →ne Ludowa

===ne_foreign===

Coordination

conjunct

  • coordinated conjunct
  • depends on a coordinating conjunction

pre_coord

  • pre-conjunction
  • the first part of a two-part correlative conjunction, e.g. albo...albo... (Eng. ‘either... or...’),
  • depends on the second part of the conjunction.
  • e.g. "Koncerny liczą nie tyle na zysk, ile na prestiż.": liczą →comp ile →conjunct na →comp zysk, ile →conjunct na →comp prestiż; ile →pre_coord nie →mwe tyle

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