Polish Dependency Relation Types

Complements

comp

• verb complement realised as a prepositional or an adverbial phrase, or a clause
• or dependent of prepositions, numerals, some nouns, or some adverbials

• e.g. "Czekam na Antka.": Czekam →_comp na →_comp Antka

comp_ag

• agentive complement in passive
• realised as przez-PP

• "Zamek jest nawiedzany przez duchy.": nawiedzany →_{comp_ag} przez →_comp duchy

comp_fin

• clausal complement
• realised as a finite clause (declarative, interrogative, or exclamatory) with an internal subject
• governed by a subordinating conjunction or the sentence predicate

• e.g. "Zaśpiewał, ponieważ go poproszono.": Zaśpiewał →_{adjunct_cause} ponieważ →_{comp_fin} poproszono

comp_inf

• infinitival complement
• realised as a non-finite clause,
• governed by a subordinating conjunction, a verb form, an adjective or a noun phase

• e.g. "Chciał wygrać.": Chciał →_{comp_inf} wygrać

obj

• direct object
• governed by a verb form,
• realised as a noun phrase or a clause
• transformed into the subject in passive constructions.

• e.g. "Powiedział, że wyjeżdża." with relations Powiedział →_obj że →_{comp_fin} wyjeżdża

obj_th

• thematically restricted object
• fulfilled by a noun phrase
• governed by a verb form
• cannot be promoted to the subject during passivisation or change its status to the object.
• fulfils the semantic role of:
  • Attribute (obj_attrib)
  • Experiencer (obj_exper)
  • Factor (obj_factor)
  • Instrument (obj_instr)
  • Manner (obj_manner)
  • Measure (obj_measure)
  • Recipient (obj_recip)
  • Result (obj_result)
  • Stumulus (obj_stimul)
  • Theme (obj_theme)

• e.g. "Pies merda ogonem." with merda →_{obj_instr} ogonem

pd

• predicative complement
• realised by any element in the predicative position in a sentence
• governed by copula or copula-like verbs

• e.g. "Bycie nauczycielem nie jest proste.": jest →_subj bycie →_pd nauczycielem; jest →_pd proste

root

• sentence predicate (or a main element of a non-sentential clause)
• dependent of ROOT

• e.g. "Jan fałszuje." with a dependency relation ROOT →_root fałszuje

subj

• subject
• subcategorised by the sentence predicate

• realised as a noun phrase, a clause, an adjective phrase, a numeral phrase or a pro-drop pronoun (pro is not encoded in a dependency structure)

• e.g. "Kot śpi." with śpi →_subj kot

Syntactically motivated dependents

adjunct

• a dependent modifying a noun or a numeral
• realised as an adjective, a noun, a prepositional phrase, a relative clause, etc.

• e.g. "Kupiła czerwoną sukienkę.": sukienkę →_adjunct czerwoną

adjunct_sem

• an adverbial modifying a verb form
• realised as an adverb, a noun, a prepositional phrase, a clause, etc.
• adverbial types:
  • position, direction, route: adjunct_abl (ablative), adjunct_adl (allative), adjunct_locat (locative), adjunct_perl (perlative)
  • time, period of time: adjunct_temp (temporal), adjunct_dur (duration), adjunct_init (initiate), adjunct_finit (finish)
  • manner, instrument, attitude: adjunct_mod (mode), adjunct_instr (instrument), adjunct_attit (attitude)
  • cause, goal, condition: adjunct_caus (cause), adjunct_cond (conditional), adjunct_purp (purpose), adjunct_concess (concession), adjunct_substit (substitution), adjunct_measure
  • structural and other: adjunct_elect (elective), adjunct_title, adjunct_other

• e.g. "Szkoli psa na potencjalnego zabójcę.": szkoli →_{adjunct_concess} na →_comp zabójcę

adjunct_compar

• comparative

• e.g. "Uczeń mądrzejszy od nauczyciela": mądrzejszy →_{adjunct_compar} od →_comp nauczyciela

adjunct_rc

• relative clause

• e.g. "z wyjątkiem momentu, kiedy zostali zjedzeni przez ogry": momentu →_{adjunct_rc} zjedzeni →_{adjunct_temp} kiedy

adjunct_qt

• quotation adjunct

• e.g. "Nie cierpię kelnerów, którzy pytają: 'Jaki befsztyk? Krwisty?': pytają →_{adjunct_qt} befsztyk →_adjunct Jaki; befsztyk →_adjunct krwisty

app

• apposition
• realised as a noun phrase depending on an immediately preceding and morphologically agreeing noun with the same meaning

• e.g. "Proszę o zabranie głosu posła Nowaka.": proszę →_obj posła →_app Nowaka

item

• number of an item on a list

• e.g. "- styczeń": styczeń →_item -

punct

• punctuation marker, e.g. .,:;?!()”-,
• depends on the element which it delimits

• e.g. "Czytając książkę, płakał.": płakał →_{adjunct_cause} Czytając →_punct ,

abbrev_punct

• abbreviation marker, i.e. a full stop
• depends on the preceding abbreviation

• e.g. "30 tys.": tys →_{abbrev_punct} .

refl

• reflexive marker, i.e. particles 'się', 'siebie'
• depends on a verb with reflexive meaning or another verb

• e.g. "Ania i Tomek całują się.": całują →_refl się

• e.g. "Nie radził sobie w życiu.": radził →_refl sobie

Morphologically motivated dependents

aux

• auxiliary verb, i.e. 'być' or 'zostać'
• depends on the main verb form (participle, infinitive) in analytical future tense constructions, analytical past conditional constructions or passive constructions

• e.g. "Będzie trzeba wzmocnić pozycję ekonomiczną.": trzeba →_aux będzie

aglt

• mobile inflection, i.e. "mobile" affix (verbal enclitic) marked for number, person and gender
• depends on a verb form or a conditional clitic by appended to a verb form

• e.g. "Wygraliśmy!": Wygrali →_aglt śmy

cond

• conditional clitic, i.e. the clitic particle 'by', which is appended to the verb form or appears anywhere in a sentence,
• depends on the verbal head regardless of its location

• e.g. "Można by śpiewać.": Można →_cond by

imp

• imperative marker, i.e. the particle 'niech'
• depends on the main verb form in analytical imperative constructions.

• e.g. "Niech moc będzie z Tobą!": będzie →_imp Niech

neg

• negation marker, i.e. the negation particle 'nie'
• depends mostly on a verbal head immediately following it

• e.g. "Nie wiem, ale to nie Ola wygrała.": wiem →_neg Nie, Ola →_neg nie

Lexically motivated dependents

mwe

• multiword expression
• Successive tokens of a multiword expression are annotated according to their linear order.
• Polish multiword expressions:

  • preposition-adjectival phrases, e.g. po prostu_ADJ (Eng. ‘simply’), co gorsza_ADJ (Eng. ‘what is worse’),

  • preposition-adverbial phrases, e.g. na pewno_ADV (Eng. ‘for sure’), na zewnątrz_ADV (Eng. ‘outside’),

  • adverb-prepositional phrases, e.g. wraz z (Eng. ‘along with’), zgodnie z (Eng. ‘in accordance with’),
  • complex conjunctions, e.g. nie tylko (Eng. ‘not only’), ale także (Eng. ‘but also’), mimo że (Eng. ‘although’),
  • adjective compounds, e.g. biało-czerwona (Eng. ‘white-red’).

ne

• named entity

• e.g. "Chińska Republika Ludowa": Republika →_ne Chińska, Republika →_ne Ludowa

Coordination

conjunct

• coordinated conjunct
• depends on a coordinating conjunction

pre_coord

• pre-conjunction
• the first part of a two-part correlative conjunction, e.g. albo...albo... (Eng. ‘either... or...’),
• depends on the second part of the conjunction.

• e.g. "Koncerny liczą nie tyle na zysk, ile na prestiż.": liczą →_comp ile →_conjunct na →_comp zysk, ile →_conjunct na →_comp prestiż; ile →_{pre_coord} nie →_mwe tyle

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