Polish Dependency Relation Types

The following description of Polish dependency relation types is based on the article `Polish Dependency Bank' (Wróblewska, 2012).

Arguments

comp (complement)

• adjectival complements – governed by a verb form, e.g. uczynić kogoś silnym_ADJ (Eng. ‘to make so. strong’),

• adverbial complements – governed by a verb form, e.g. zeskoczyć skądś_ADV (Eng. ‘to jump from somewhere’),

• nominal complements – governed by:

  • an adjective, e.g. pełny mleka_GEN (Eng. ‘full of milk’),

  • a preposition, e.g. w domu_LOC (Eng. ‘at home’),

  • a verb form, e.g. zakończyć się sukcesem_INSTR (Eng. ‘to be successful’).

  • a numeral, e.g. kilka_NOM tygodni_GEN (Eng. ‘a few weeks’).

  

• prepositional complements – governed by:
  • a verb form, e.g. czekać na (Eng. ‘to wait for’),
  • an adjective, e.g. zdolny do (Eng. ‘able to, capable of’),
  • an adverb, e.g. właśnie przez (Eng. ‘just by’).

  

comp_fin (clausal complement)

• fulfilled by a finite clause (declarative, interrogative, or exclamatory) with an internal subject,
• governed by a verb form, a subordinating conjunction or a noun.

  

comp_inf (infinitival complement)

• realized as a non-finite clause,
• governed by:
  • a noun phrase, e.g. (mieć) prawo coś zrobić (Eng. ‘(to have) the right to do sth’),
  • a verb form, e.g. chcieć coś zrobić (Eng. ‘to want to do sth’), trzeba coś zrobić (Eng. ‘it’s necessary to do sth’),
  • an adjective phrase.

  

obj (object)

• realized as a noun phrase marked for the accusative, genitive, instrumental or even dative case,
• governed by a verb form,
• transformed into the subject in passive constructions.

  

obj_th (dative object)

• fulfilled by a dative noun phrase,
• governed by a verb form,
• must fulfil the semantic role of Recipient, Experiencer, Beneficiary, etc.,
• cannot be promoted to the subject during passivisation or change its status to the object.

  

pd (predicative complement)

• fulfilled by any element in the predicative position in a sentence,
• governed by copula or copula-like verb forms, e.g. być (Eng. ‘to be’), stać się (Eng. ‘to become’).

  

subj (subject)

• subcategorised by the sentence predicate,
• fulfilled by a noun phrase, a clause, an adjective phrase, a numeral phrase or a pro-drop pronoun,

• pro is not encoded in a dependency structure.

  

  

Non-arguments

adjunct

• a non-subcategorised dependent with the modifying function,
• realized as:
  • an adjective depending on a noun or a numeral,
  • an adverb depending on a verb form, an another adverb,
  • an adjective or a prepositional phrase,
  • an attributive noun marked for genitive with a nominal or numeral head,
  • a noun phrase with the temporal, locative, etc. meaning and a verbal head,
  • a prepositional phrase depending on a noun, a verb, an adverb or a participle,
  • a subordinate clause with a head realized as a noun, a numeral or a verb form,
  • ...

app (apposition)

• realized as a noun phrase depending on an immediately preceding noun with the same meaning.

  

complm (complementizer)

• fulfilled by a complementizer, e.g. że, iż (Eng. ‘that’), żeby, aby, by (Eng. ‘so as to’),
• introduces a complement clause, the predicate of which is its governor,
• may be realized optionally.

  

mwe (multiword expression)

• Successive tokens of a multiword expression are annotated according to their linear order.
• Polish multiword expressions:

  • preposition-adjectival phrases, e.g. po prostu_ADJ (Eng. ‘simply’), co gorsza_ADJ (Eng. ‘what is worse’),

  • preposition-adverbial phrases, e.g. na pewno_ADV (Eng. ‘for sure’), na zewnątrz_ADV (Eng. ‘outside’),

  • adverb-prepositional phrases, e.g. wraz z (Eng. ‘along with’), zgodnie z (Eng. ‘in accordance with’),
  • complex conjunctions, e.g. nie tylko (Eng. ‘not only’), ale także (Eng. ‘but also’), mimo że (Eng. ‘although’),
  • adjective compounds, e.g. biało-czerwona (Eng. ‘white-red’).

pred (predicate)

• fulfilled by a verb form (finite verb, -no/-to-impersonal, infinitive) or a ‘main’ noun in independently annotated noun phrases,
• depends on the root node.

punct (punctuation marker)

• fulfilled by a punctuation mark, e.g. .,:;?!()”-,
• depends on the element which it delimits

abbrev_punct (abbreviation marker)

• fulfilled by a full stop,
• depends on the preceding abbreviation.

Non-arguments (morphologicaly motivated)

aglt (mobile inflection)

• fulfilled by a `mobile’ affix (verbal enclitic) marked for number, person and gender,
• depends on a verb form or a conditional clitic by appended to a verb form.

  

aux (auxiliary)

• fulfilled by auxiliary verbs być or zostać (Eng. ‘to be’),
• depends on the main verb form (participle, infinitive) in analytical future tense constructions, analytical past conditional constructions or passive constructions.

  

cond (conditional clitic)

• fulfilled by the clitic particle by, which is appended to the verb form or appears anywhere in a sentence,

• depends on the verbal head regardless of its location.

  

imp (imperative marker)

• fulfilled by the particle niech (Eng. ‘may’),
• depends on the main verb form in analytical imperative constructions.

  

neg (negation marker)

• fulfilled by the negation particle nie (Eng. `not’),
• depends on a verbal head immediately following it.

refl (reflexive marker)

• realized as the particle się in Polish,
• depends on a verb with reflexive meaning or another verb.

Coordination

conjunct (coordinated conjunct)

• depends on a coordinating conjunction.

coord (coordinating conjunction)

• coordinates two sentences.

coord_punct (punctuation conjunction)

• coordinating element realized as a punctuation mark, e.g. comma, colon.

pre_coord (pre-conjunction)

• the first part of a two-part correlative conjunction, e.g. albo...albo... (Eng. ‘either... or...’),
• depends on the second part of the conjunction.

  

  

Classification of Polish Dependency Types

Standard vs. Language-specific Polish Dependency Types

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